Artificial intelligence (hereinafter AI) is one of the defining factors of the current stage of social development. The implementation of AI technologies is accompanied by unevenness and unpredictability in outcomes, which brings to the fore the problem of integrating machine intelligence into sociocultural processes. Addressing this challenge is complicated by the polysemy of the very concept of artificial intelligence. Contemporary discourse distinguishes two main approaches to its definition: the ontological approach (addressing the question of the essence of AI) and the functional-utilitarian approach (addressing the question of AI’s capabilities). An analysis of these approaches reveals a correlation between human perception of AI and the nature of its impact on social processes. The article argues that under conditions of growing complexity and opacity of neural network models, AI systems acquire operational autonomy – the ability to achieve specified goals in ways that are unpredictable to humans. This phenomenon underscores the significance of the performativity of AI conceptualizations: our theoretical understandings of its nature do not merely describe reality but actively shape it, guiding public expectations and practical actions. These arguments substantiate the need for further research into the socio-ontological status of artificial intelligence.

The article examines civil unity as a constitutional value, its importance for the development of civil society and the state, and the strengthening of Belarusian statehood. Special attention is paid to the interaction of civil society and the social legal state, the result of which is civil unity. Scientific views on the understanding of civil society, its legislative definitions, characteristic features as a constitutional subject of state policy, the foundations of Belarusian statehood are investigated. The importance of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus as a fundamental legal form of the organization and functioning of state power, defining the principles of its relationship with civil society and its members, acting as the main political and legal agreement of social forces, individuals, society and the state, the most authoritative regulator of their behavior, is defined. The role of contractual relations for the functioning and development of civil society, the nature of the social state, as well as the principles of their interaction, taking into account the norms of the Law of the Republic of Belarus dated February 14, 2023 No. 250-З “On the foundations of civil society” and ensuring national unity, strengthening the constitutional system, are analyzed. The subject of detailed consideration is the political, economic, legal and socio-cultural foundations of national unity, which in a condensed, concentrated form are reflected in the values, principles and provisions enshrined in the Constitution.

This article analyzes and characterizes the daily living and teaching conditions of Belarusian teachers after the liberation of the republic from the occupiers and in the first post-war years, based on a comprehensive study of regulatory documents and archival sources, combined with a constructive summary of Soviet and post-Soviet historiographic publications. It also examines the limitations of the local government’s implementation of state social policy to improve teachers’ financial situation, including the creation of favorable housing and basic living conditions, timely payment of wages, and provision of food and industrial goods.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the microtoponymy of the Belarusian Poozerie and Western Polesie, identifying both common features and regionally specific characteristics of the nomination principles for these regions. Lexical and semantic groups of microtoponyms in the Belarusian Poozerie and Western Polesie are examined: microtoponyms reflecting the physical and geographical features of the terrain, flora and fauna; microtoponyms reflecting human economic activity, lifestyle, religious beliefs and social relations; microtoponyms based on proper names. Based on the quantitative percentage ratio, productive and unproductive types and subtypes of microtoponyms of each region are determined.

This article analyzes ethnographic photography as a method for studying traditional dwellings. The author examines the evolution of visual recording of dwellings from the late 19th to early 21st centuries. The paper offers a periodization of the development of ethnographic photography and traces the history of the formation of museum photo archives as fundamental sources for studying the material culture of an ethnic group. The transformation of the expeditionary method from the first attempts at visual documentation to the systematic scientific recording of the traditional Belarusian dwelling is analyzed. Based on an analysis of archival materials from museums and the photo archive of the Institute of Art History, Ethnography, and Folklore of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the role of photography as a means of semiotic modeling of the interior space of a dwelling is revealed. The article demonstrates how museum systematization transformed expeditionary photographs into structured museum photo archives, allowing contemporary researchers to reconstruct the spatial representations and social characteristics of the traditional dwelling.

The article examines the features of the representation of female images in the prose of writers of three generations who reflect the theme of the Great Patriotic War. The epic works of V. Bykau, I. Chygrinau, U. Gnilomedau, Е. Bravа, and M. Paznyakou create outstanding female images, with the help of which the multifaceted traits of the national character are shown: courage, devotion to the native land, self-sacrifice, mercy, and hard work. The paper highlights the features of the depiction of women in the works of Belarusian writers who participated in the hostilities of the Great Patriotic War, focusing on the consideration of the image of Frani in the story “Love Me, Soldier” by V. Bykau; the specifics of the reception of female images in the novels of writers of the generation of “children of war” I. Chigrynau, U. Gnilamedau are revealed, the features of the depiction of women in war within the novel cycle of I. Chigrynau are traced; traditions and innovations in the depiction of dendrological images that have a female origin in the epic works of writers of different generations are revealed; the potential in the representation of female images in the work of writers – representatives of the descendants of the generation of winners is characterized, taking into account the new literary situation in the depiction of the theme of the Great Patriotic War.

The article is devoted to the conceptual and applied problems of the formation of general delictology as an integrative interdisciplinary science, the subject of which is all types of offenses – crimes, administrative torts, civil law violations, and disciplinary offenses – in their interrelation, interdependence, and systemic unity. The relevance of creating a unified theoretical platform is substantiated, which allows overcoming the established interdisciplinary and sectoral barriers that traditionally hinder a holistic understanding of the phenomenon of illegal behavior. The paper systematizes the main factors that hinder the development of general delictology: the heterogeneity of the legal nature of torts, which stems from the differences in the goals, principles, and methods of sectoral regulation; the lack of a unified conceptual framework, which makes scientific integration and comparative research difficult; and the insufficient development of the general theoretical foundations of delictology in jurisprudence, as well as the fragmentary nature of empirical studies that take into account the intersections of various types of offenses, etc. A special place in the article is occupied by a comparative analysis of administrative delictology and criminology, which identifies the criteria for distinguishing and points of contact between these areas, as well as examines the problem of measuring the degree of public danger of various types of torts. The article analyzes the theory of polymorphism of offenses, which offers multidimensional classifications of torts, and the concepts of typification and individualization of the processes of tort, including criminalization, decriminalization, penalization and depenalization. Special attention is paid to the methodological aspects of measuring the degree of public danger of acts, the issues of differentiating the type and amount of punishment (penalty), and the problems of defining and quantifying punishability as a key element of the effectiveness of legal response.

This article examines the improvement of administrative-territorial divisions (ATD) as a factor in regional development and the implementation of the “Strong Regions” priority of the Socioeconomic Development Program of Belarus for the period 2026–2030. The article identifies the problems of ATD, defines key global trends in spatial development at the present stage, examines the evolution of changes in ATD in the country, and summarizes the theoretical basis for the formation of spatial boundaries for the implementation of economic relations. Key theoretical principles for the consolidation of administrative-territorial units by merging cities of regional subordination and adjacent administrative-territorial districts are developed, which forms the scientific basis for practical application in the merger of the cities of regional subordination Baranovichi, Pinsk, and Bobruisk with the districts of the same name.